Theocracy

The term theocracy is used to describe a form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role.

The word theocracy originates from the Greek &theta;&epsilon;&omicron;&kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#943;&alpha; (theokratia). The components of the word &theta;&epsilon;&omicron;&sigmaf; (theos), god and &kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&epsilon;&iota;&nu; (kratein), to rule. The term means &ldquo;rule by god&rdquo;.

In the most common usage of the term theocracy, in which some civil rulers are identical with some leaders of the dominant religion (e.g., the Byzantine emperor as head of the Church), governmental policies are either identical with or strongly influenced by the principles of a religion (often the majority religion), and typically, the government claims to rule on behalf of God or a higher power, as specified by the local religion. However, unlike other forms of government, a theocracy can be unique in that the administrative hierarchy of government is often identical with the administrative hierarchy of a religion. This distinguishes a theocracy from forms of governments which have a state religion or from traditional monarchies in which the head of state claims that his or her authority comes from God.

A more literal term for what is commonly meant by "theocracy" is "ecclesiocracy," which denotes the rule of a religious leader or body in the name of God, as opposed to the literal rule of God.

Forms
There are different forms of theocracy. One is caesaro-papism, in which power is not shared between a secular ruler (an emperor) and a religious leader (a pope or archbishop), but the political leader is also the highest religious authority. Theocracy can also be exercised directly by the clergy or indirectly (such as via the divine right of kings).

This form of government was advocated by reformer John Calvin.

Between World War I and World War II there were several European countries that were ruled by Fascist movements tied to specific religions that have been called forms of Clerical fascism and by some, theocracies.

Current theocratic nations today include:


 * the Islamic Republic of Iran
 * the Vatican City/Holy See (see also Papal States)
 * the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (the caesaro-papism kind)

Historically, many theocracies have existed on a national level, and many more have existed in communes, cloisters and cities. Some examples of these include:


 * Mount Athos
 * Christian Republic of Florence under Savonarola
 * Geneva under Calvin
 * Salt Lake City

Many Western democracies today have active political movements that advocate constitutional theocracy.

History
The concept of theocracy was first coined by Josephus Flavius in the 1st century. He defined theocracy as the characteristic government for Jews. Josephus' definition was widely accepted until the enlightenment era, when the term started to collect more universalistic and undeniably negative connotations, especially in Hegel's hands. After that 'theocracy' has been mostly used to label certain politically unpopular societies as somehow less 'rational' or 'developed'. The concept is often used in sociology also, but rarely or never properly defined for objective scientific usage.

Theocratic parties and movements

 * Algeria
 * Islamic Salvation Front
 * Islamic Renaissance Movement
 * Movement of the Society for Peace
 * Movement for Democracy in Algeria


 * Argentina
 * Christian Democratic Party (Argentina)


 * Armenia
 * Christian Democratic Party (Armenia)


 * Armenian Nagorno-Karabagh
 * Christian Democratic Party (Nagorno Karabagh)


 * Austria
 * Christian Voters Community


 * Bahrain
 * Asalah
 * Al Wefaq Islamic Action
 * Al Menbar
 * Islamic Bloc
 * Islamic Action Party


 * Bangladesh
 * Islamic National Unity Front
 * Islamic Unity Front
 * Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh


 * Belgium
 * Movement of Citizens for Change
 * New Christian Democrats
 * Noor Islamic Party


 * Canada
 * Christian Heritage Party of Canada


 * Malaysia
 * Islamic Party of Malaysia (Parti Islam SeMalaysia)
 * Netherlands
 * Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij


 * United States of America
 * Christian Identity
 * Christian Reconstructionism

Literary works critical of theocracy

 * John Barnes. Candle & The Sky So Big and Black.
 * Robert A. Heinlein. Revolt in 2100
 * Margaret Atwood. The Handmaid's Tale, about a fictional dystopian world of theocracy

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