Last man

The Last Man (German: der letzte Mensch) was a term used by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, among other works, to describe the antithesis of the imagined superior being, the "Übermensch", whose imminent appearance is heralded by Zarathustra. This 'Over Man' may be contrasted to a weak-willed individual, one who is tired of life, takes no risks, seeks only comfort and security: the Last Man.

Nietzsche saw that nothing great is possible for the Last Man, and it is Nietzsche's contention that Western civilization (Europe) is moving in the direction of the last man, an apathetic creature, who has no great passion or commitment, who is unable to dream, who merely earns his living and keeps warm.

The best literary example of this would be the "Underground Man" in Fyodor Dostoevsky's Notes From Underground. Nietzsche wrote about the "Last Man" before he discovered Dostoevsky, but Dostoevsky’s writing later influenced Nietzsche. Nietzsche claims that Dostoevsky was one of the few psychologists from whom he had learned something. Notes From Underground explores the psychology of a man whom Nietzsche would certainly consider a last man. Nietzshe claimed it cried truth from the blood. The Underground Man is a civil servant who has responded to nihilism with spitefulness. The Underground Man admits early in the novel that he is now so pathetic that he can no longer even be spiteful. The underground man then describes many confrontations he has with authority figures in his life (boss, a military official at work, a cop and a prostitute as well as his fellow childhood schoolmates and his lowly servant) and that his bitterness or sickness towards authorty and sociality comes from social rejection. Though the theme is depressing Notes contains a great deal of biting sarcastic humor.

To Nietzsche, it is important to have diversity, people should pass judgement, be tolerant, and express differences in one another. The concept of the last man is about equality. Unification of differences where everything becomes equal, the same with each other. It is an expression of tolerance with one another. With the coming of the last man is the onset of "nihilism", the negation of all values.

One of Nietzsche's greatest fears was creeping mediocrity. If the "Übermensch" represented his ideal -- the ideal of a being strong enough to create his own values, strong enough to live without the consolation of traditional morality -- then Nietzsche’s so called 'last man' is the exact opposite.

The last man, Nietzsche predicted, would be one response to nihilism. But the full implications of the death of God had yet to unfold. As he said:


 * "The event itself is far too great, too distant, too remote from the multitude's capacity for comprehension even for the tidings of it to be thought of having arrived as yet."