Omega Point

The Omega Point is a spiritual belief and a scientific speculation that everything in the universe is fated to spiral towards a final point of "divine" unification. The term was coined by the French Jesuit Catholic priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955). Teilhard argued that the Omega Point resembles the Christian Logos, namely Christ, who draws all things into himself, who in the words of the Nicene Creed, is "God from God," "Light from Light," "True God from true God," and "through him all things were made." In the Book of Revelation, Christ describes himself thrice as "the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end." The idea of the Omega Point is developed in later writings, such as those of John David Garcia (1971), Paolo Soleri (1981), Frank Tipler (1994), and David Deutsch (1997).

Etymology
Teilhard de Chardin was a paleontologist and Roman Catholic Priest in the Jesuit order. In France in the 1920's, he began incorporating his theories of the universe into lectures that placed both Catholicism and evolution in the same conversation. This was a forbidden activity for a member of the Church and caused Teilhard to be exiled to China and banned from any publication. It was not until one year after his death in 1955 that his writings were published for the world to read. His book, The Phenomenon of Man, has been dissected by astrophysicists and cosmologists to be a theological or philosophical theory that cannot be scientifically proven. Teilhard, who was not a cosmologist, opens his books with the statement: ""...if this book is to be properly understood, it must be read not as a work on metaphysics, still less as a sort of theological essay, but purely and a simply as a scientific treatise.""

Evolution
Evolution does not end with mankind: Earth's biosphere evolved before humans existed. Teilhard describes evolution as earth's "hominization" in which one-cell organisms develop into metazoans, or animals, but some of the members of this classification develop organisms with complex nervous systems. This group has the capability to acquire intelligence. When Homo sapiens inhabited Earth through evolution, a noosphere was created, the cognitive layer of existence. As evolution continues, the noosphere gains coherence. Teilhard refers to this process as "planetization". Eventually the noosphere gains total dominance over the biosphere, it reaches a point of complete independence from tangential energy forming a metaphysical being: the Omega Point.

Energy
Energy exists in two basic modes:

- Tangential: energy that can be measured by physics.

- Radial: spiritual energy, this energy evolves into a higher state as time continues.

Teilhard misunderstood the Second Law of Thermodynamics to not allow the evolution of energy into higher orders which was the motivation for identifying a new realm of spiritual energy. He defines Radial Energy as becoming more concentrated and available as it is a critical element in man's evolution. The theory expands to all forms of matter which concludes everything that exists as having some sort of life. Modern scientists criticize Vitalism as unscientific. Medawar writes in regard to Tipler's The Phenomenon of Man, "Teilhard's radial, spirirtual, or psychic energy may be equated to 'information or 'information content' in the sense that has been made reasonably precise by communication engineers." (1961)

Formal Properties
""...what would have become of humanity, if, by some remote chance, it had been free to spread indefinitely on an unlimited surface, that is to say left only to the devices of its internal affinities? Something unimaginable.... Perhaps even nothing at all, when we think of the extreme important of the role played in its development by the forces of compression.""
 * 1) Teilhard's theory says humans will escape the Heat death of the universe. Scientifically, this means that intelligence cannot survive. He theorizes that radial energy is non-compliant with entropy, it escapes the collapses of forces at world's end.
 * 2) The Omega Point does not exist within the timeline of the universe, it occurs at the exact edge of the end of time. From that point, all sequence of existence is sucked into its being.
 * 3) The Omega Point can be understood as a volume shaped as a cone in which each section taken from the base to its summit decreases until it diminishes into a final point.
 * 4) The volume described in the Third Property must be understood as an entity with finite boundaries. Teilhard explains:

Forces of Compression
Teilhard calls the contributing universal energy that generates the Omega Point "forces of compression", which unlike the scientific definition, does not include gravity or mass, but sources from communication and contact between human beings. This value is limitless and directly correlated with entropy. It suggests that as humans continue to interact, consciousness evolves and grows. For the theory to occur, humans must be bound to the finite earth. Creating a boundary forces the world's convergence upon itself which he theorizes to result in time ending in communion with the Omega Point-God. This portion of Teilhard's thinking shows his lack of expectation for humans to engage in space travel and transcend past the borders of the planet.

Scientific Evaluation
John Gribbin, PhD, is an astrophysicist and author who writes to explore the scientific conversations behind human evolution, the origin of earth and mankind, and quantum physics. His book, The Omega Point is a "search for the missing mass and the ultimate fate of the universe" which references Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's Omega Point for an in depth scientific evaluation. The following data is compiled by Gribbin and sources from research conducted and published by the field's most relevant scientists.

The Cosmological Density of Matter is denoted in astrophysics as the capital Greek Omega, Ω. As long as the value of Ω is less than the value of 1, the universe will continue to expand infinitely through time. If the value of the Ω eventually becomes greater than the value of 1, the universe is expected to experience a phenomenon known as The Big Crunch.

The two sides of the universe's fate are calculated from the equation of creation, specifically The Big Bang, in which the expansion of the universe was extrapolated from a singularity. . The Omega Point can be visually understood as the mirror reflection of the metric expansion of space, in which dark matter, stars, and light are being absorbed back in to a single point instead of expanding outward. . In current history, there is not enough matter accounted for in the universe for Omega to exceed one, and some astronomers have denoted this quantity as "The Missing Mass" or "Missing Light".

Teilhard states, ""Spacetime...must somewhere ahead become convoluted to a point which we might call Omega, which fuses and consumes [everything] integrally in itself.""

All gravitational fields have entropy which is directly correlated with time. Physicist Paul Davies theorizes that the expansion of the universe is calculated through the inflation and entropy in relation to the arrow of time, from past to future. Albert Einstein explains that "crumpled matter" in the universe has a higher concentration of entropy than smooth and uniform space. This means that when stars clump into galaxies and eventually black holes, the over entropy of the Universe is escalated. Mathematical Physicist, Roger Penrose believes the Big Bang to have been a low entropy phenomenon due to its elongated and smooth procession of expansion through time. Whereas the Big Crunch is predicted to be just the opposite, a highly entropic event of merging black holes. The logic is clear that if entropy is the constant creation of disorder, the beginning of time would be its cleanest state, and the end its messiest.

Davies' explanation of the entropic universe in the arrow of time: "The remaining history of the universe is the subsequent attempt to unwind by gravitational clumping and nucleosynthesis.

galaxies → stars → black holes

hydrogen → helium → iron

Together these two evolutionary chains account for all the observed macroscopic time asymmetry in the world, and imprint upon our environment a distinct arrow of time."

Stephen Hawking's description of the cosmogenesis requires inflation as an element in the evaluation, producing a theoretical model for how a universe could be created out of nothing. This moment exists before the inflation era in which the Universe must be closed, and its Omega slightly above 1.

Theological Controversy
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's life from 1881-1955 falls directly in between Vatican Council I (1869) and Vatican Council 2 (1965), a time period in which the acceptance of evolution was increasing and forming a disconnect between modern humans and the Roman Catholic Church. Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to debunk the story of Adam and Eve as a historical event in his 1859 book, On the Origin of Species. The fear of modern science became an enormous task on the Vatican's agenda.

In Vatican I, 1870, Pope Pius XII stated his concern on the theory of evolution, ""If such a doctrine were to be spread, what will become of the unchangeable Catholic dogmas, what of the unity and the stability of the Creed?""

Teilhard's theory was a personal attempt in creating a new Christianity in which science and theology could coexist. The outcome was that his theory of the Omega Point was not perfectly scientific as examined by physicists, and not perfectly Christian either. By 1962, The Society of Jesus had strayed from Spanish Jesuit Priest Francisco Suarez's philosophies on Man in favor of "Teilhardian evolutionary cosmogenesis". Teilhard's Christ is the "Cosmic Christ" or the "Omega" of revelation. He is an emanation of God which is made of matter, and experienced the nature of evolution by being born into this world and dying. His resurrection from the dead was not to heaven, but to the noosphere, the area of convergence of all spirituality and spiritual beings, where Christ will be waiting at the end of time. When the earth reaches its Omega Point, everything that exists will become one with divinity.

Teilhard reaffirms the role of the Church in the following letter to Auguste Valensin. It is important to note that he defines evolution as a scientific phenomenon set in motion by God, that science and the divine are interconnected and acting through one another: ""I believe in the Church, mediatrix between God and the world[.] … The Church, the reflectively christified portion of the world, the Church, the principal focus of inter-human affinities through super-charity, the Church, the central axis of universal convergence and the precise point of contact between the universe and Omega Point. … The Catholic Church, however, must not simply seek to affirm its primacy and authority but quite simply to present the world with the Universal Christ, Christ in human-cosmic dimension, as animator of evolution.""

This statement describes his personal theological belief that contradicts traditional Catholic values as well as the story of creation portrayed by the Bible.

Accelerating expansion of the universe
In 1998, a value measured from observations of Type 1a supernovae seemed to indicate that what was once assumed to be temporary cosmological expansion was actually accelerating. The apparent acceleration has caused many to dismiss Tipler's Omega Point out of hand, since the necessity of a final big crunch singularity is key to the Omega Point's workability. However, Tipler himself believes that the Omega Point is still workable and has explained on multiple occasions why a big crunch/ final singularity is still required under many current universal models.

Technological singularity
The technological singularity is the hypothetical advent of artificial general intelligence theoretically capable of recursive self-improvement, resulting in a runaway effect to an intelligence explosion. Eric Steinhart, a proponent of "Christian transhumanism", argues there is significant overlap of ideas between the secular singularity and Teilhard's religious Omega Point. Steinhart quotes Ray Kurzweil, one of the most prominent singulatarians, who stated that "evolution moves inexorably toward our conception of God, albeit never reaching this ideal." Like Kurzweil, Teilhard predicts a period of rapid technological change that results in a merger of humanity and technology. He believes that this marks the birth of the noosphere and the emergence of the "spirit of the Earth," but the Teilhardian Singularity comes later. Unlike Kurzweil, Teilhard's singularity is marked by the evolution of human intelligence reaching a critical point in which humans ascend from "transhuman" to "posthuman." He identifies this with the Christian parousia.

The Omega Point in pop culture
The Spanish painter Salvador Dali was fascinated by Teilhard de Chardin and the Omega Point theory. His 1959 painting The Ecumenical Council (painting) is said to represent the "interconnectedness" of the Omega Point. Point Omega by Don DeLillo takes its name from the theory and involves a character who is studying Teilhard de Chardin Flannery O'Connor's acclaimed collection of short stories taps the Omega Point theory in its title, "Everything That Rises Must Converge" and science fiction writer Frederik Pohl references Frank Tipler and the Omega Point in his 1998 short story "The Siege of Eternity". Scottish writer/ counterculture figure Grant Morrison has used the Omega Point as a plot line in several of his Justice League of America and Batman stories. Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter's The Light of Other Days references Teilhard de Chardin and includes a brief explanation of the Omega Point.