Master morality

Master-slave morality is the theme of some of Friedrich Nietzsche's works, in particular the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morality. Nietzsche argued that there were two fundamental types of morality: 'Master morality' and 'slave morality'. Master morality weighs actions on a scale of good or bad results unlike slave morality which weighs actions on a scale of good or evil. What Nietzsche meant by 'morality' deviates from common understanding of this term. For Nietzsche, fundamental morality absorbs a whole world-view and passes it on; it shapes a particular culture a its very root. This means that its language, codes and practises, narratives, and institutions are informed by the struggle between these two types of moral valuation. For Nietzsche, master-slave morality provides the basis of all exegesis of Western thought. With the Death of God morality became historical: they were created by mankind, not by a transcendent god. The strong-willed man created morality by valuation.

Master morality
Nietzsche defined master morality as the morality of the strong-willed. What is good is what is helpful; what is bad is what is harmful. Morality is sentiment. For these strong-willed men, the 'good' is the noble, strong and powerful, while the 'bad' is the weak, cowardly, timid and petty. Other qualities that are often valued in master moralities are open-mindedness, courage, truthfulness, trust and an accurate sense of self-worth. Master morality begins in the 'noble man' with a spontaneous idea of the good, then the idea of bad develops as what is not good. (On the Genealogy of Morality, First Essay, Section 11) He said: "The noble type of man experiences itself as determining values; it does not need approval; it judges, 'what is harmful to me is harmful in itself'; it knows itself to be that which first accords honour to things; it is value-creating." In this sense, the master morality is the full recognition that oneself is the measure of all things. (Beyond Good and Evil). Insomuch as something is helpful to the strong-willed man it is like what he values in himself; therefore, the strong-willed man values such things as 'good'. Masters are creators of morality; slaves response to master-morality with their slave-morality.

Slave morality
Unlike master morality which is sentiment, slave morality is literally re-sentiment (ressentiment)--revaluing that which the master values. As Master morality originates in the strong, slave morality originates in the weak. Because slave morality is a reaction to oppression, it villainizes its oppressors. Slave morality is the inverse of master morality. As such, it is characterized by pessimism and skepticism. Slave morality is created in opposition to what master morality values as 'good'. Slave morality does not aim at exerting one's will by strength but by careful subversion. It does not seek to transcend the masters, but to make them slaves as well. The essence of slave morality is utility: the good is what is most useful for the whole community, not the strong. Since the powerful are few in number compared to the masses of the weak, the weak gain power by corrupting the strong into believing that the causes of slavery (viz., the will to power) are 'evil', and the qualities they originally could not choose because of their weakness. By saying humility is voluntary, slave morality avoids admitting that their humility was in the beginning force upon them by a master. Biblical principles of turning the other cheek, humility, charity, and pity are the result of universalizing the plight of the slave onto all mankind, and thus enslaving the masters as well. From this, democracy emerges, which is the political manifestation of slave morality because of its obsession with freedom and equality.

Politics
This struggle between master and slave moralities recurs historically. According to Nietzsche, ancient Greek and Roman societies were grounded in master morality. The Homeric man is the strong-willed man, and the classical roots of the Iliad and Odyssey exemplified Nietzsche's master morality. Historically, master morality was defeated as the slave morality of Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire. The essential struggle between cultures has always been between the Roman (master, strong) and the Judean (slave, weak). He condemns the triumph of slave morality in the West.

Nietzsche claimed that the nascent democratic movement of his time was essentially Jewish, slavish, and weak. Weakness conquered strength, slave conquered master, re-sentiment conquered sentiment. This resentment Nietzsche calls "priestly vindictiveness", which is the jealousy of the weak seeking to enslave the strong with itself. Such movements were, to Nietzsche, inspired by "the most intelligent revenge" of the weak. Nietzsche saw Democracy and Christianity as the same emasculating impulse which sought to make all equal--to make all slaves.